Studied at Leninakan Art College (1968– 1972); preparatory courses for Leningrad Higher College of Art and Design (1972–1973); the Repin Institute of Arts (1973–1976) as an external student. Exhibited from 1976. Member of the Armenian SSR Union of Artists (1981), the USSR Union of Artists (1989). Worked as a set painter at the Kirov Theatre in Leningrad (second half of the 1980s). Main collections: State Literary and Memorial Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky, State Russian Museum (both St Petersburg); Modern Art Museum of Yerevan (Armenia). Arefiev, Alexander Dmitrievich p. 345 1931, Leningrad – 1978, Paris, France. Painter, graphic artist, sculptor. Studied at Leningrad Palace of Pioneers art studio (1939–1941) under M. A. Gorokhova, S. D. Levin; Leningrad Secondary School of Art (1944–1949); the First Leningrad Medical Institute (1951–1953). Exhibited from 1949. Member of the Order of Destitute Painters – Arefiev Circle group (1948), the Leningrad City Committee of Artists (1966–1976), the Association for Experimental Exhibitions (1975), the Aleph group (1975). One of the leaders of the nonconformist art movement. Lived and worked in Leningrad until 1977, when he emigrated to Paris, France. Main collections: Museum of Nonconformist Art, State Museum of the History of St Petersburg, State Russian Museum, Tsarskoe Selo Collection Museum (all St Petersburg); Zimmerli Art Museum (New Brunswick, USA). Arshakuni, Zaven Petrosovich pp. 26, 84, 85, 346 1932, Leningrad – 2012, St Petersburg. Painter, graphic artist, theatre artist. Studied at Leningrad Secondary School of Art (1946–1953); the Repin Institute of Arts (1954–1961) in the Faculty of Painting under I. A. Serebriany. ARTISTS’ BIOGRAPHIES 635 Exhibited from 1960. Member of the USSR Union of Artists (1962), the Gruppa “Odinnadtsati” (Group of “Eleven”) association (1972), the St Petersburg Academy of Contemporary Art association (1995). Worked as a production designer at the A. A. Briantsev Theatre for Young Spectators, the Leningrad Comedy Theatre, the A. M. Gorky Palace of Culture, the Maly Opera and Ballet Theatre, the Experiment Theatre of Miniatures (1966– 1986); an artist at the Detskaia literatura (Children’s Literature) publishing house (1966–1991). Taught at Leningrad Higher College of Art and Design (1963– 1965). Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Arts (2007). Awarded the Silver Medal of the Russian Academy of Arts (2003), the Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Arts (2012). Main collections: A. S. Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, ROSIZO, Russian National Museum of Music, State Tretyakov Gallery (all Moscow), Research Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts, S. P. Diaghilev Museum of Contemporary Art, St Isaac’s Cathedral State Museum, State Hermitage, State Literary and Memorial Museum of Anna Akhmatova at the Fountain House, State Museum of the History of St Petersburg, State Museum of Theatre and Music, State Russian Museum, Tsarskoe Selo Collection Museum (all St Petersburg), State art museums in Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Kemerovo, Kostroma, Vladivostok, Vologda, Yaroslavl and others; National Gallery of Armenia (Yerevan, Armenia), Art Museum of Georgia (Tbilisi, Georgia), Museum Ludwig (Cologne, Germany), Kunsthaus (Dresden, Germany), Museum of Fine Arts (Leipzig, Germany), Stedelijk Museum (Amsterdam, Netherlands) and others.

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